| Volume 95, Issue 4 October - December 2023  | On the Cover Atmospheric nanoparticles can serve as nuclei for cloud droplets, thereby inducing significant but uncertain effects on the radiative forcing of the climate system. This article focuses on the physicochemical processes that govern the growth of these particles from formation of molecular clusters until the particles reach sizes where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei. The review describes the latest developments in measurement and modeling of these processes and connects these domains to the large-scale simulations such as Earth system models. The authors recommend closer coordination among laboratory studies, atmospheric measurements, and large-scale modeling to understand the importance of nanoparticles in the climate system. From the article Atmospheric nanoparticle growth
Dominik Stolzenburg, Runlong Cai, Sara M. Blichner, Jenni Kontkanen, Putian Zhou, Risto Makkonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Ilona Riipinen, and Juha Kangasluoma
Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045002 (2023) | | | | Advertisement  | This new collection of invited papers focuses on laser-driven generation, control, and imaging of electronic dynamics in matter on ultrafast timescales ranging from femtoseconds to attoseconds and beyond. Read the Collection free at PRX. | | | | | |
Advertisement | Early bird registration is open for March Meeting 2024 - one of the largest and most exciting conferences in physics! Witness groundbreaking physics research, network with potential employers, and prepare for career success at March Meeting 2024. Register today. | | | | | Advertisement  | The American Physical Society (APS) has partnered with Research4Life to share its journals with researchers from nonprofits in over 115 countries, territories, and refugee camps at no cost. The Society will also cover article publication charges for new submissions from scientists belonging to these eligible groups beginning Jan. 1, 2024. Read more in the APS Newsroom | | | | | | | Not an APS member? Join today to start connecting with a community of more than 50,000 physicists. | | | | Mao Sun Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 041001 (2023) – Published 21 December 2023 | The flight of the bumblebee has long been a source of fascination, in part because the lift requirements cannot be explained by conventional steady fluid dynamics, and unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms must be invoked. In addition, viscous effects are important for the majority of flying insects, which are an order of magnitude smaller than bumblebees. This leads to different wingbeat patterns and aerodynamic mechanisms. In this Colloquium, recent advances in the study of the mechanics of flight in these miniature insects are reviewed. | | | | | V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri, F. X. Girod, C. Lorcé, P. Schweitzer, and P. E. Shanahan Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 041002 (2023) – Published 22 December 2023  | The gravitational form factors encode fundamental particle properties including mass, spin, and D-term. Their physical interpretation promises, for composed particles, insights on spatial distributions of energy, angular momentum, and internal forces. This Colloquium reviews the theoretical and recent experimental advances in this field with focus on the quark-gluon structure of the proton in QCD. | | | | | | Featured in Physics Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Ovid O. Krüger, Jan-David Förster, Thomas Berkemeier, Wolfgang Elbert, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Ulrich Pöschl, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, J. Alex Huffman, Simone Scheithauer, and Eugene Mikhailov Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045001 (2023) – Published 12 October 2023  | The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 has led to a renewed focus on the physicochemical properties of the droplets and aerosol particles that are exhaled during breathing, speaking, singing, coughing, and sneezing. In this article, the properties of respiratory particles, including their number concentrations and size distributions, as well as their formation mechanisms at different sites in the respiratory system, are reviewed. The data in the literature are synthesized via a parametrization of the particle size distribution data using log-normal modes related to the different origin sites. | | | | | | Dominik Stolzenburg, Runlong Cai, Sara M. Blichner, Jenni Kontkanen, Putian Zhou, Risto Makkonen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Ilona Riipinen, and Juha Kangasluoma Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045002 (2023) – Published 9 November 2023  | Atmospheric nanoparticles can serve as nuclei for cloud droplets, thereby inducing significant but uncertain effects on the radiative forcing of the climate system. This article focuses on the physicochemical processes that govern the growth of these particles from formation of molecular clusters until the particles reach sizes where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei. The review describes the latest developments in measurement and modeling of these processes and connects these domains to the large-scale simulations such as Earth system models. The authors recommend closer coordination among laboratory studies, atmospheric measurements, and large-scale modeling to understand the importance of nanoparticles in the climate system. | | | | | | Kevin Vynck, Romain Pierrat, Rémi Carminati, Luis S. Froufe-Pérez, Frank Scheffold, Riccardo Sapienza, Silvia Vignolini, and Juan José Sáenz Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045003 (2023) – Published 15 November 2023  | The study of optics in correlated disordered media combines wave physics, complex media, and nanophotonics. Investigations have shown how subwavelength structural correlations control light scattering, transport, and localization. This article reviews the formalism behind light scattering in disordered media, experimental techniques, and achievements in studying light interaction with correlated disorder. It explores phenomena like optical transparency, superdiffusive transport, and photonic gaps, offering new perspectives for applications. The research covers systems from photonic liquids to hyperuniform disordered photonic materials, and addresses mesoscopic phenomena and disorder engineering for light-energy management. | | | | | | Roberto Franceschini, Doojin Kim, Kyoungchul Kong, Konstantin T. Matchev, Myeonghun Park, and Prasanth Shyamsundar Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045004 (2023) – Published 21 November 2023  | Kinematic variables are important tools for analyzing collider experiments. This article reviews a variety of such tools, which were designed primarily for the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider, but which have potential uses in other experiments. The article also discusses the interconnection and mutual complementarity of kinematic variables and modern machine-learning techniques. | | | | | | Zhenyu Cai, Ryan Babbush, Simon C. Benjamin, Suguru Endo, William J. Huggins, Ying Li, Jarrod R. McClean, and Thomas E. O'Brien Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045005 (2023) – Published 13 December 2023  | In most of physics it is normal to obtain information by analysis of noisy data. The paradigm of quantum computing has been a simplified version of this – one measurement of a two-level system gives one bit of reliable information about the result of a computation. But real-world quantum computers do not work this way: the noisiness of quantum evolution also requires good strategies for extracting information. This review covers many error-mitigation strategies used in present-day quantum processors. These strategies make it much more feasible to obtain useful results before fault tolerance is achieved. | | | | | | Koji Azuma, Sophia E. Economou, David Elkouss, Paul Hilaire, Liang Jiang, Hoi-Kwong Lo, and Ilan Tzitrin Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045006 (2023) – Published 20 December 2023  | Quantum technology is now at a point where practical work can begin on creating the quantum internet. However, numerous challenges must be overcome before this vision becomes a reality. A global-scale quantum internet requires the development of the quantum repeater, a device that stores and manipulates qubits while interacting with or emitting entangled photons. This review examines different approaches to quantum repeaters and networks, covering their conceptual frameworks, architectures, and current progress in experimental implementation. | | | | | | Derek B. Schaeffer, Archie F. A. Bott, Marco Borghesi, Kirk A. Flippo, William Fox, Julien Fuchs, Chikang Li, Fredrick H. Séguin, Hye-Sook Park, Petros Tzeferacos, and Louise Willingale Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 045007 (2023) – Published 28 December 2023  | Probing of electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density experiments is key to understanding questions in fusion processes such as how the fields are compressed, diffuse through the plasma, and can seed instabilities. Many kinetic processes studied, including collisionless shocks, filamentary instabilities, jets, magnetic reconnection, and turbulence, all depend on the field structure. In this review, an overview of experimental techniques and the underpinning theoretical principles and modeling of proton-based imaging is presented, followed by a review of experiments and an outlook for future frontiers in the technique. | | | | | | | |
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